The Historic Providence Arcade: America's First Enclosed Shopping Mall

The Providence Arcade, also known as the Westminster Arcade, is a historic shopping center in downtown Providence, Rhode Island. Opened in 1828, it holds the distinction of being the first enclosed shopping mall in the United States and is a significant example of Greek Revival architecture. The building has played a pivotal role in the city’s commercial history, undergoing multiple renovations and transformations over the years.

Early Development and Design

The Arcade was conceived by Cyrus Butler as a commercial venture and was designed by architects Russell Warren and James C. Bucklin. Originally planned as a two-story building, a third floor was added during construction to accommodate more shops. Built with granite and featuring 21-foot Ionic columns quarried from Johnston, Rhode Island, the Arcade’s design was inspired by European arcades. A skylit roof provided natural light to the central avenue, with cast-iron railings on the upper levels.

Although the Arcade was a bold architectural statement, it initially struggled to attract customers. Located on the west side of the Providence River, far from the city’s primary shopping districts, it earned the nickname “Butler’s Folly.” However, the opening of a fashionable hat shop nearby eventually drew a wealthier clientele, and Westminster Street began to develop into a major shopping area.

Growth and National Recognition

The Arcade’s fortunes improved over time, and by the mid-19th century, it had become a well-known landmark. In 1843, President John Tyler visited the Arcade during his New England tour, where he shook hands with thousands of people. The building continued to serve as a retail hub until the 20th century, although by the 1940s, it was showing signs of wear. In response, a major renovation project was launched in 1980, restoring the Arcade’s historic grandeur.

The building’s historical significance was recognized when it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976.

Renovations and Modern Use

The Arcade underwent another round of renovations in the 2000s. After closing for further upgrades in 2008, it reopened in 2013 as a mixed-use development. Developer Evan Granoff, working with Northeast Collaborative Architects, transformed the Arcade into a space that combines retail with residential “micro-lofts” on the upper floors. The renovation included 48 micro-lofts and several retail spaces, reflecting a shift toward smaller, more affordable urban living.

The Arcade’s reopening was seen as a model of urban revitalization, blending historic preservation with modern needs. The building has since become a popular destination, attracting residents and visitors alike.

Architecture and Design Features

The Providence Arcade is a prime example of Greek Revival architecture. Its facades are dominated by massive Ionic columns, with a pediment on the Westminster Street side and a simpler stepped parapet on the Weybosset Street side. Inside, a grand skylight runs the length of the building, flooding the space with natural light. Shops are arranged along a central avenue, with long balconies on the second and third floors overlooking the lower level.

The Arcade was one of the first commercial buildings in Providence, and its innovative use of fireproof materials like granite, brick, and cast iron set it apart as an architectural marvel of its time.

Legacy

The Providence Arcade’s history reflects both the city’s commercial growth and its commitment to preserving its architectural heritage. From its beginnings as the first indoor shopping mall to its transformation into a mixed-use development, the Arcade remains a key part of downtown Providence, symbolizing the resilience of historic buildings in the face of change.

Many of the retailers in the Providence Arcade left with the plan to transition upper floors to condos and accompanying rent increases in 2020, though there is still plenty for visitors to see: Mila Mia Boutique is a women’s fashion shop, and restaurants like Rogue Island and Livi’s Pockets offer places to get a bite to eat. My favorite, however, is Lovecraft Arts and Sciences, a must see for fans of unique boutiques. Dedicated to Providence native, author H. P. Lovecraft, Lovecraft Arts and Sciences has a wild array of books, historical bric-a-brac, and other spooky occult items that are sure to delight any fan of unimaginable mind-rending horrors. This is, of course, meant as the highest of compliments.

While Lovecraft Arts and Sciences is itself worth the visit to the arcade, the building’s beautiful architecture and historic nature are also a sight to behold. The cast iron railings, ornate lamps, and decorative moldings are a treat. The Providence Arcade (or Arcade Providence, if you prefer) gives one both a sense of being transported back in time, and of having found something slightly magical. Though the entire space can be traversed rather quickly, I suggest taking some time to really appreciate the details and the opportunity to be in such a space – nothing lasts forever, and the ability to see a nearly 200-year old mall is certainly a gift.